TPWD 1956 F-7-R-4 #207: Basic Survey and Inventory of Species Present, as well as Their Distribution in the Salt Fork of the Red River, its Tributaries and Watershed, Lying within Collingswort
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JOB COMPLETION REPORT
State of TEXAS
Project No. F-7-R-4 Name: Fisheries Investigations and Suryeys of the Waters of
of Region 1-B.
Job No. B-12 Title: Basic Survey and Inventory of Species Present, as well
as Their Distribution in the Salt Fork of the Red River,
its Tributaries and Watershed, Lying within Collings-
worth, Donley and Armstrong Counties, Texas.
Period Covered: June 1, 1956 through May 31, 1957.
ABSTRACT
Twenty-eight seine collections produced a total of 9,997 specimens for study.
Eighteen species, representing 5 families of freshwater fish were found to occur. The
Salt Fork of the Red River in Texas is valueless for game fish at the present time. It
is often dry and always too shallow to maintain a game fish population. The water qual-
ity is good. If plans to construct a dam on the river near Whitefish Creek materialize,
the new lake should be very productive and the fishing excellent.
IBJECTIVES
To gather fundamental data on the above waters in regard to their physical,
chemical and biological aspects. To determine the distribution of the fish species pre-
sent, their relative abundance and the ecological factors influencing their distribution.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Dr. Walter Dalquest, whose employment with the Texas Game and Fish Commission
terminated in October, 1956, set up the original stations, conducted all of the labora-
tory work and most of the field work on this job for the first 5 months. Since that
time, Dr. Dalquest has helped with some phases of work conducted in Region 1-B, and
has checked the manuscript of this report. Grateful acknowledgment is also expressed
to Dr. Carl Gray, Soils Scientist of Midwestern University and Wichita County Water
Improvement Districts, for making the numerous water analyses during this study. Data
on water volume were obtained from Mr. John Joerns, United States Geological Survey,
Water Resources Branch, Wichita Falls.
TECHNIQUES
Sample stations were established at three points along the length of the Salt
Fork of the Red River. Ten collections were made at each sample station during the
study. At each station, chemical and physical data concerning the water were taken, and
seine samples of the fishes present were preserved in formalin for laboratory examina-
tion and identifications. Since an adequate picture of the fish population at all points
along the river could be determined by seining, no gill nets or fish toxicants were used.
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There are no important permanent-flowing tributaries of the Salt Fork; however, basic
survey collections were taken from two of its tributaries, at a time when water was
present. On several occasions, data could not be obtained from some stations because
freezing conditions prevented seining or because the river was dry.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Salt Fork of the Red River is a small stream, both in volume of flow and
in length. Its total length in Texas is less than 100 miles. After leaving Texas,
it flows approximately 70 miles across the southwestern corner of Oklahoma before empty-
ing into the Red River at a point west of Highway 283 in Jackson County, Oklahoma. It
originates in the approximate center of Armstrong County and flows eastwardly across
Donley and Collingsworth Counties before entering the State of Oklahoma at a point
approximately 15 miles west of Wellington, Texas.
The Salt Fork has cut through the Early Pliocene rocks (the type locality
and most typical exposures of the classic "Clarendon Formation" and its mammalian faunas,
are located here) to expose early Permian sediments of the Double Mountain group. The
Permian silts, sandstones and mineral deposits make up the bed of the river while the
Pliocene clays and sandstones are found back from the river bed. Drift sands, largely
reworked from Pliocene deposits of the High Plains, conceal much of the river valley in
some places.
The bed of the Salt Fork is braided sand, but quite firm, in marked contrast
to the quick sands of the Canadian River, to the north. (F-7-R-2, Jobs A-1 and B-5).
Although the drainage area is considerable (1,222 square miles at the Wellington sta-
tion), stream flow is highly irregular. At times during the past project year, there
was no surface flow of water in most of the river. During heavy rains, the stream
became a raging torrent, washing out bridges and carrying away heavy concrete pilings.
Normally the Salt Fork is shallow (less than 1 foot) with only an occasional, washed-
out pool deeper than 3 feet. On occasions, when the river was dry, collections were
confined to pools that were isolated by the shifting channel and fed by subsurface flow.
The U. S. Geological Survey discontinued its station on the Salt Fork in
October, 1956: Therefore, stream flow and run-off data are not available for the period
of this survey. Data is available for the monthly and annual mean discharge and the
nae annual run-off at Wellington Station from 1952 to October, 1956. (See Tables
1 and 2).
DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE STATIONS
CLARENDON STATION. Located approximately 5 miles north of Clarendon at the
Highway 70 crossing, this is the uppermost of our collecting stations. Although, at
times, there was no visable stream flow, water was present during each visit, either
as a swift flowing, shallow stream, or in an isolated pool fed by subsurface flow.
The valley is broad (approximately 3/4 mile), and cut well down into Permian rocks.
The predominant sediments are red silts and sandstones, with gypsum stringers protruding
from cliffs along the banks.
WELLINGTON STATION. Located 8 miles north of Wellington on Highway 83, this
is an intermediate, permanent station. The valley here is relatively broad, with low
cliffs of hard shale and considerable exposed gypsum. The water is shallow and swift ov-~
a clear, clean gravel-~and-sand bottom. Unlike the other two permanent stations, this
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intermediate station had a continuous stream flow during each visit. Also, unlike
the other two stations, there were deeper pools along the running stream caused by sol-
ution cavities in the rock of the stream bed and the fall of water over concrete pilings
that had washed downstream in previous floods. These pools provided our largest and
most varied fish collections.
OKLAHOMA LINE STATION. This station is located 12 miles west of Wellington
and about 2 miles east of the Oklahoma line. The valley here is broad, and the river
has cut a channel between gypsum and shale banks to a depth of about 50 feet. The
river varies from a width of 10 feet and a depth of 2 feet to 100 feet wide and 4 inches
deep. The stream bed is braided and much of its discharge is apparently carried in
underground flow. On two occasions during the survey, the river was completely dry here,
and not even an isolated pool could be found from which to collect a water sample.
DESCRIPTION OF BASIC SURVEY SAMPLE STATIONS
HEDLEY STATION. ‘This was not a regular sampling station because of its
inaccessibility. In order to sample the river here, it was necessary to walk and carry
survey equipment at least 3/4 mile. Consideration was given to this station because
it is located at the confluence of the river and Whitefish Creek, and is the proposed
site of the Whitefish Creek Dam. The intermediate location of this station, between
Clarendon and Wellington stations, would have made it very desirable as a monthly
sampling station had it been more accessible. The river here is a braided stream with
a broad, sandy flood plain, about 1 mile wide. Flood debris clinging to salt cedars
in the wide, flat valley is indicative of the size of the river and the heavy loads
earried during periods of heavy rainfall. The river was sampled approximately 12 miles
north of Hedley between its confluence with Whitefish Creek and the old McLean "river
crossing".
WHITEFISH CREEK STATION. According to local residents, this creek is not a
permanently flowing stream. When sampled after recent heavy rains, however, it had
considerable stream flow and contained a fish population similar to that of the river. In
appearance, it was similar to the river, but much smaller. Apparently, this creek will
contribute much water to the proposed lake and its valley will constitute a large compon-
ent of the lake.
EAST LELIA LAKE CREEK, This creek emerges from a canyon to the south and
flows northward to the Salt Fork. It was sampled at the Highway 287 crossing, approx-
imately 10 miles from its confluence with the river. It was turbid (80mm.) but deep
and cool. The bottom was sand and mud, and native vegetation was abundant along the
banks. At the time of sampling, there was very little stream flow with only a trickle
6 inches wide and 1 inch deep connecting deep pools. Swunfishes, bullhead catfish and
minnows were abundant.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
The chemical nature of water at the sample stations is given in Table 3. Accord-
ing to the analyses, the water quality of the Salt Fork and its tributaries is good and
the river should support all species of the native fresh water fish species. No indust-
rial or municipal waste was found to enter the stream.
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PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
Physical conditions at sample stations are shown in Table 4. Water tempera-
tures during the survey period varied from freezing to 93 degrees F. In January, the
river was frozen over solid, even in its swiftest parts. The clarity and shallowness
of the water accounts for high summer temperatures. Except in periods of rainfall,
the water in the Salt Fork of the Red River is clear. For the purpose of this survey,
turbidity was measured with a sichi disk. Measurements were made in deepest water
found at the station. Normally, the disk was clearly visible on the bottom, in which
case the turbidity was recorded as the depth of the water "plus".
AQUATIC VEGETATION
Except for the occurrence of green algae along the banks, there is no aquatic
vegetation in the Salt Fork. Chara and algae were found in a few isolated pools near
Clarendon Station.
FISH COLLECTIONS
A total of 18 species, representing 5 families of fresh-water fish, was taken
from the Salt Fork of the Red River during the segment period. Monthly variations in
species and numbers of fishes taken at each of the sample stations are given in Tables
5, 6, and 7. The total numbers of fishes taken at all of the permanent sample sta-
tions along the river is given in Table 8. Stations on two tributaries of the Salt
Fork and one additional station on the river were worked during the segment. Table 9
shows fishes taken at these extra, basic survey stations.
There were 9,811 specimens collected from the three permanent sampling sta-
tions, and each station contributed approximately equal numbers of fish during the one
year segment period. Two species were taken at the extra survey stations that did
not occur at the permanent stations. A single Notemigonus crysoleucas was taken at
Whitefish Creek Station and an Ictalurus punctatus was taken at Hedley Station. Since
both of these stations were worked on the same day, and just after locally heavy rains,
it is assumed that these species were migrants from over-flowing watershed lakes and
were not included in the checklist of fishes naturally occurring in the Salt Fork.
Family Catostomidae
Suckers
Carpiodes carpio: river carpsucker. This is the only member of the sucker
family collected during the survey. The species was taken at Wellington Station in
April, 1957.
Family Cyprinidae
Minnows
Cyprinus carpio: carp. Only one carp was collected. It was taken at Okla-
homa Line Station in June, 1956.
Notemigonus crysoleucas: golden shiner. A single specimen was taken in
Whitefish Creek following locally heavy rains. It may have washed out of a watershed
pond. '
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Hybopsis aestivalis: speckled chub. A total of 12 specimens was taken
from two stations. The species was not found at Clarendon Station. It seems to
prefer swiftly running water and probably did not occur at this station because the
surface flow is not continuous.
Notropis potteri: chub shiner. Although 58 specimens were taken, this
species is of erratic occurrence in the Salt Fork. It was absent from Wellington
Station, taken only in June at Clarendon Station, and in June, 1956 and May, 1956 at
the Oklahoma Line Station.
Notropis bairdi: Red River shiner. This is one of the most abundant species
in the Salt Fork. It was represented at all 3 stations, as well as the Hendley and
Whitefish Creek stations and comprised 18.46% of total collections.
Notropis lutrensis: redhorse shiner. This is one of the most numerous and
widely distributed species in the Salt Fork system. It was present at all stations and
in every collection except the February, 1956, collection from Clarendon.
Hybognathus placita: plains minnow. This species is very abundant. It
was found at all but the Lelia Lake Creek Station, and comprises 17.39% of the total
collections.
Pimephales promelas: fathead minnow. A total of 42 specimens was taken from
the three permanent stations together and 42 others were found in the Lelia Lake Creek
collection.
Family Ameiuridae
Freshwater catfishes
Ictalurus punctatus: channel catfish. One specimen was taken at Hedley Sta-
tion after locally heavy rains, and may have washed out of a watershed lake.
Ictalurus melas: black bullhead. Although not numerous (.42% of the total),
this species is widely distributed. It was found at all stations, including the extra
survey stations, with the exception of Oklahoma Line Station.
Family Cyprinodontidae
Killifishes and topminnows
Fundulus kansae: plains killifish. Comprising 43.59% of the total collections,
this species is the most abundant and widely distributed of all fish in the Salt Fork
system. It was represented at every collection at all stations during the segment.
Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis: Red River pupfish. Although not abundant, this
species is well distributed. It comprises only 1.8% of the total, but it was represented
at all of the permanent stations.
Family Poeciliidae
Gambusia affinis: common mosquitofish. A total of only 4 specimens was
taken during the segment, at Clarendon and Wellington Stations.
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Family Centrarchidae
Lepomis cyanellus: green sunfish. This species is not abundant, but was
represented at 5 of the 6 stations. It was not found at Hedley Station.
Lepomis microlophus: redear sunfish. Only 3 specimens were taken, all at
Wellington Station in December, 1956.
Lepomis humilis: orangespotted sunfish. A total of 11 specimens was taken
at Clarendon and Wellington Stations.
Lepomis megalotis: longear sunfish. Only one specimen was taken during the
segment. It was collected at Oklahoma. Line Station in October, 1956.
CONCLUSIONS
The Salt Fork of the Red River, or at least that part of the Salt Fork that
lies in Texas, is valueless for game fishes at the present time. Quite often the river
bed is completely dry or with only small isolated pools to support fish life. Even
when surface flow is present, it is too shallow to maintain a game fish population. At
times, there are concentrations of bait minnows large enough for commercial bait sein-
ing, and tracks along the river indicate that the river is utilized for that purpose
to some extent.
If plans to construct the Whitefish Creek Dam materialize, fishing in the
new lake should be excellent. There were no rough fish species found above the proposed
dam site, and only 2 specimens of rough fishes were found in the river below the dam
site. All information that was obtained during this survey indicates that the new
lake will be very productive.
Prepared by: Leo D. Lewis Approved by: ; f behey
Project Leader Chief Aquatic Biologist
Date: July 26, 1957 et pec aveseneeeeecacpesiontigcosis
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Te
Table 1. Monthly and Annual Mean Discharge at Wellington Station.
(Drainage area, 1,222 square miles of which 209 square miles is probably noncontributing)
Year October November December January Feburary March April May June July August September Annual
1952 1.95 1.00 2.11
1953 h.o6 =. 19.2 10.8 9.00 15.9 19.1 27.9 8.52 1.76 482 49.5 6.29 55 3
1954 72.5 17.5 20.9 ah.5 13.6 8.04 39.2 5he 64.2 6.60 45.6 4.53 120
1955 5.19 6.04 6.50 14.1 17.4 5.27 4.18 317 528 326 8.63 3.64 78.9
1956 102 7-28 18.8 19.3 19.8 5 86 42k 347 4.91 11.6 1.34 1.48 45.9
Note: All discharge is measured in cubic feet per second.
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Table 2. Monthly and Annual Run-off at Wellington Station.
(Drainage area, 1,222 square miles of which 209 square miles is probably noncontributing) .
Sees.
2 EREEERREE EEE :
Year October Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Annual
1952 120 62 126
1953 250 1,140 666 553 883 1,180 1,660 5eh 105 29,660 3,040 374 ho, 040 ~
1954 4,460 1,040 1,280 1,510 157 hgh =. 2, 330 33,340 += 338,190 406 «62,810 270 86, 890
1955 333 359 399 867 966 32h 249 19,500 31,400 2,000 531 217 57,140
1956 6,280 433 =1,160 1,180 1,140 360 252 21,320 292 715 82 88 33, 300
Note: All run-off is measured in acre feet.
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r le 3. Chemical Nature of the Water at the Sample Stations.
Total
Date Calcium Sodium Chloride Sulfate Carbonates Bicarbonates Salts pH
CLARENDON STATION
6/15/56 122 160 114 332 18 146 892
8/17/56 yy 115 160 192 @) 225 836 7.70
9/24/56 176 132 284 88 ) 282 962 7.90
10/21/56 132 78 134 206 30 178 758 7.95
1/7/57 108 59 66 125 0 210 568 8.10
3/12/57 8h 57 75 14) 0) 102 462 ~=8.08
4/9/57 76 a, 5h 8h 9 90 364 8.20
5/22/57 104 43 33 173 18 122 493 -8.20
WELLINGTON STATION
6/15/56 816 150 195 1875 @) 165 3201
8/17/56 588 174 213 1358 0) 160 2493 7.60
9/2h./56 788 165 28h. 1732 @) 148 3117 ~=—- 7.90
10/21/56 800 165 4.00 1565 0 198 3128 =7.70
1/7/57 Th8 150 213 1666 ) 192 2969 8.10
2/18/57 624 153 231 14ho 6 60 2514 7.69
( 2/57 680 159 2hg 1570 6 68 2732 7.69
479/57 698 163 195 1690 0 8h 2830 7.80
5/22/57 350 143 227 670 ) 200 1592 7.68
OKLAHOMA LINE STATION
6/15/56 808 176 223 1920 6) 116 32h3
8/17/56 Dry
9/24/56 Dry
10/21/56 The 187 351 1958 18 138 2991 7.90
1/7/57 80}. 171 231 1857 0 van 3207 8.70
1/17/57 1124 237 347 2592 12 140 4hs2 8.00
2/18/57 666 171 266 1570 fe) 36 2709 7.65
3/12/57 696 194 291 1618 fo) 64 2863 7.80
4/9/57 702 193 2h9 1618 9 150 2921 7.97
5/22/57 350 130 164 758 12 138 1552 = 8.05
HEDLEY STATION
5/22/57 396 154 295 768 12 116 1320 7.97
WHITEFISH CREEK STATION
5/22/57 Loo 143 227 835 12 122 1739 8.05
EAST LELIA LAKE CREEK
6/15/56 118 53 39 155 12 213 590
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10.
Table 4. Physical Conditions at the Sample Stations.
Date Air Temp. Water Temp. Turbidity (mm. )
OKLAHOMA STATION
6/15/56 86 86 100
8/17/56 Dry
9/2h/56 Dry
10/21-56 70 68 310 plus
12/6/56 64 52 300 plus
1/17/57 33 32 Frozen over solid
2/18/57 48 45 500 plus
3/12/57 72 61 385 plus
4/9/57 55 61 350 plus
5/22/57 80 78 50
WELLINGTON STATION
6/15/56 86 86 130
8/17/56 100 93 450
9/2/56 99 89 400 plus
10/21/56 75 73 260 plus
12/6/56 62 53 1000 plus
L/LT/ST 34 33 300 plus
2/18/57 ee) 7 1000 plus
3/12/57 79 68 650 plus
4/9/57 BT . 65 550 plus
5/22/57 82 79 50
CLARENDON STATION
6/15/56 80 75 200 plus
8/17/56 100 82 225
9/2h/56 8h 80 300 plus
10/21/56 75 715 120 plus
12/6/56 62 53 250 plus
1/17/57 37 33 Frozen over solid
2/18/57 Hy 45 95
3/12/57 76 62 4O plus - clear
4/9/57 65 64 750 plus
5/22/57 78 76 200
HEDLEY STATION
5/22/57 71 82 70
WHITEFISH CREEK STATION
5/22/57 88 85 80
EAST LELIA LAKE CREEK
6/15/56 88 79 80
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li.
sle 5. Monthly Variation in Species and Numbers of Fishes atClarendon Station,Salt Fork.
eee neem
* Percent
Species 6/15 8/17 9/24 1o/2l 12/6 1/17 2/18 3/12 4/9 5/22 Total of
Total
N. potteri 26 - - ~ - - - - - - 26 .88
N. bairidi 3 - - - 29 - - 21 4 39 1.31
N. lutrensis 41 21 4 3 5 - - 4 22 29 129 43h
Hybognathus — 106 96 11 - 4 - 1 - - ho = 258 8.69
P. promelas 16 - 5 9 - - 1 - 7 - 38 1.28
I. melas 2 1 1 - ~ - - - - 35 39 1.31
¥. kansae 13 10 63 25 1530 - 83 256 3he 15 2,337 78.67
Cyprinodon - - 11 11 32 - - 22 10 86 86 2.90
Gambusia - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 .03
L. cyanellus 1 1 - 1 - - - - 5 9g -30
L. humilis 3 2 - - - - - - - 5 8 27
Total 209 131 96 hg 1601 - 85 284 382 133 2,970 99.98
% of Total 7.0 4 63.2 61.6 53.9 - 2.9 9.612.9 4.5 100.00
* “*rozen over - impossible to seine.
Pe cer a eee nse ee ee ee een
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12.
Table 6. Monthly Variation in Species and Numbers of Fishes at Wellington Station, Salt Fr_..
* Percent
Species 6/15 8/17 9/24 ofa. 12/6 1/17 2/18 3/12 4/9 5/22 Total of
Total
Carpiodes - - - - - - = = 1 - 1 -03
Hybopsis - - - 1 - - - 2 1 1 5 14
N. bairdi 31 7 - 6 323 - 151 171 #153 - The 21.70
N. lutrensis 20 45 5 3 8h - 306 369 257 12 1101 # 32.19
Hybognathus 123° +150 37 31 132 - 1 eke e267 4 987 28.86
P. promelas - - - - 1 - - 1 - - 2 .06
TI. melas - - 1 - a - ~ - ' 1 2 .06
F. kansae 91 19 2 30 140 ~ 1 48 166 41 538 =. 15.73
Cyprinodon s we y 2 6 - = 2 5 2 21 61
Gambusia - - - - - - - - 2 1 3 09
L. cyanellus - - - - - - 7 2 3 - 12 235
L. microlophus - - - - 3 - - - - - 3 009
L. humilis - - - - - - 2 - 1 - 3 .09
Total 265 221 4g 73 589 - 468 837 856 62 3420 100.00
Percent of 7.8 6.5 1.4 2d. 17.2 - 13.7 23.5 25.0 1.8 100.00
Total i
* Frozen over - impossible
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13.
Table 7. Monthly Variation in Species and Numbers of Fishes at Oklahoma Station, Salt Fork.
a a a i, aS ie
Species 6/15 8/17 9/2h 10/21 12/6 1/17 2/18 3/12 4/9 5/22 Total Total
Cyprinus HE - - - - - - - - - 1 -03
Hybopsis 3 - - - 1 - - 2 1 - 7 -20
N. potteri 27 @ - - - - - - - 5 32 ert
N. bairdi 21 - - 4 703 - 110 873 116 3 1030 30.11
N. lutrensis T - - 10 103 - 197 32 9 56 41k = 12.10
Hybognathus 101 - - rae 29 - 22 70 34 4#«126 «#4459 «13.42
P. promelas - ~ - - - - 2 - - - 2 06
F. kansae 9 - - 12 184 - 1048 81 51 17 1402 40.98
Cyprinodon “ ~ “ 2 “ - 62 5 1 1 71 2.07
L. cyanellus - - - - - - 2 - - - 2 “06
L. megalotis - - - 1 - - - “ - - 1 .03
Total 169 - - 106 1020 «= 14h3 263 212 208 3421 100.00
% of Total 4.9 - - 3.1 29.8 - 42.2 7.7 6.2 6.1 - 100.00
* - Dry
** - Frozen over - impossible to seine
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Table 8. Total Numbers of Fishes Taken at Stations on Salt Fork of Red River.
Species Oklahoma Wellington Clarendon Total Percent of Total
Carpiodes - 1 - 1 OL
Cyprinus 1 - - 1 OL
Hybopsis 7 5 ~ 12 12
N. potteri 32 - 26 58 59
N. bairdi 1030 The 39 1811 18.46
N. lutrensis 414 1101 129 1644, 16.76
Hybognathus 459 987 258 1704 17.37
P. promelas 2 2 38 he 43
I. melas = 2 39 Ta 42
F. kansae 1402 538 2337 4277 43.59
Cyprinodon val 21 86 178 1.81
Gambusia - 3 1 he -O4
L. cyanellus 2 12 9 23 23
LT. microlophus - 3 - 3 .03
L. humilis - 3 8 11 11
L. megalotis 1 - - sf -O1
Total 3421 3420 2970 9811 99.99
% of Total 34.9 34.8 30.3 100.00
pee SEP CAE SE A TU Ns A A At A eS A SE SST i i SS enn en seer penne ee eens ceophancenneengni
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yable 9. ‘Total Numbers of Fishes Taken at Extra Basic Survey Stations.
Species Hedley Whitefish Creek. East Lelia Lake Creek Total
N. bairdi 1 1 0 2
N. lutrensis 2 8 17 27
Hybognathus 28 ak ) 52
P. promelas (@) (0) L7 17
I. melas 1 13 21 35
TI. punctatus a. fe) 6) 1
F. kansae 5 7 y 16
Notemigonus ) i ) 1
crysoleucas
L. cyanellus 8) 9 26 35
Total 38 63 85 186
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Oklahoma Line station down stream from Highway 203 bridge.
Picture shows greater than normal stream flow. River is often
dry here. (Photo by Ray Hess)
Oklahoma Line station following recent rainfall on the
watershed. :
oad
16.
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Wellington station down stream from Highway 83 bridge. Note pools
in main stream below remains of concrete bridge. Also isolated
pools to right of stream. (Photo by Ray Hess)
Wellington station following recent rise showing shifting
of main channel from left to right.
17.
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18.
Clarendon station following recent rise. River
here is often dry, and collections were taken from
small, isolated pools which were fed by sub-surface
flow.
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