TPWD 1968 F-3-R-15 #1205: Segment Completion Report: Paper Mill Effluent Study in Sam Rayburn Reservoir, Job No. 12, Project No. F-3-R-15

--- Page 1 --- SEGMENT COMPLETION REPORT As required by FEDERAL AID IN FISHERIES RESTORACTION ACT Federal Aid Project No. F-3-R-15 Job No.-12 Paper Mill Effluent Study in Sam Rayburn Reservoir Project Leader: Joe E. Toole 205 Bap TOOL MA TESTA AB Bp i Te a (6) Je he oun le von Executive Director Texas Parks and Wiidlife Department Austin, Texas WNP? Marion Toole 3 : Eugene A. Walker D-J Ccordinator Director, Wildlife Services May 14, 1968 --- Page 2 --- ABSTRACT To determine the effects of paper mill effluent in upper Sam Rayburn Reservoir, varied collections of population data and water quality data have been made. Eight sampling sites were selected to represent several ecological habitats. From these unit data, comparisons of water quality and fish abundance were made. Pollut- ing effects of paper mill wastes became more detrimental as drought conditions prevailed during the summer and fall months of 1967. Turbidity readings and sedimentation counts can generally be correlated with fish abundance. Excessive growth of maiden cane (Panicum heritomon) in the Angelina River channel is attributed to high phosphates during minimal flow conditions. It is recommended that this study be continued to determine more accurately the effects and extent of paper mill effluent dispersion in upper Sam Rayburn Reservoir. --- Page 3 --- SEGMENT COMPLETION REPORT State of Texas _ Project No. F-3-R-15 Name: Region 3-B Fisheries Studies Job No. 12 Title: Paper Mill Effluent Study in Sam Rayburn Raservoir ; Period Covered: February 1, 1967 - January 31, 1968 _ _ PPS OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of paper mill effluent on vegetation, verte- brates and invertebrates in Sam Rayburn Reservoir. SEGMENT OBJECTIVE: To collect data concerning certain aquatic vertebrates, inverte- brates and vegetation in those areas of Sam Rayburn Reservoir which may be effected by the effluent discharged by a oaper mill. PROCEDURES: 1. Eight permanent sampling stations have been established in Sam Rayburn Reservoir to provide population criteria for aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates in relation to existing environmental conditions. (a) Experimental gill nets were set at each station at monthly intervals to deter- mine fish population levels and species availability. (b) Chemical water analyses were conducted in conjunction with netting activities at each station to provide water quality data. These tests included dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, pH, totai alkalinity, chlorides, sulfates, ortho-phosphates, tur- bidity, hydrogen sulfide and temperature. (c) Volumetric plankton samples were also made at each station. Identification and relative abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton forms were determined in the labor- atory. (d}) Bottom samples were collected from each station and fauna type and abundance were recorded. (e) Observations were made of aquatic vegetation in collection areas co determine possible effects of paper mili effluent, 2. Comparisons of unit population and water quality data have been made. DESCRIPTION: With the impoundment of Sam Rayburn Reservoir, a 114,000 surface acre U.S. Corps of Engineers Project, increased concern over pollution cavsed by @ paper mill effluent in the Angelina River is warranted. Sam Rayburn is the largest impoundment entirely within the State and with its excellent recreational facilities the reservoir is destined to become a sportsman's paradise. Black water effluent emanating from a paper mil at Herty, Texas, enters the Angelina River through Paper Mili Creek, a tributary of Willis Creek. --- Page 4 --- ain Dwi & At power pool elevation of 164.0 feei above MSL the xeservoir will inundate tue Angelina River banks to a point near the mouth of Paper Mill Creek. During 1967, pool elevations ranged from approximately 151 to 155. At these elevations the river remains within its banks for a distance of approximately eight miles below the influx of paper mill effluent. STATION DESCRIPTION: Eight sampling station sites were selected to provide population and water quality criteria from varied environments. It was originally planned to establish sampling stations at one-half mile intervals, beginning upstream at the influx of pollutant at the mouth of Paper Mill Creek. After a prelininary investigation of the area by boat however, the stations were selected approximate one mile intervals, beginning upstream at Marion Ferry, some seven miles below the influx of effluent in the river. It was felt that this collection area would provide maximum ecological variations for data comparisons. The following are brief descriptions of physical characteristics at each collection station: Station 1. Station 1 is located one-half mile upstream from Marion Verry Park in the Angelina River Channel. The station is in a sharp bend of the river at the upstream margin of a large cleared area of the basin. Channel depth is 18 feet at elevation 152. Bottom soil is primarily clay with marginal sand deposits. A layer of black sediment covers the channel bottom. Station 2. Station 2, located one-half mile below Marion Ferry, is similar in physical characteristics to Station 1. Station 3. Station 3 is also similar to stations 1 and 2, located in the river channel one mile upstream from Highway 103 bridge. Station 4. Station 4 is located immediately upstream from Highway 103 bridge in shallow water adjacent. to the river channel]. The reservoir bottom is composed of clay loam which is covered with vegetative debris from clearing operations, Station 5. Station 5 is in the river channel. one mile below Highway 103 bridge. Due to ° excessive felled timber immediately cdjacent te the river channel in this area, gill nets were set in a clear area proximately 50 yards from the channel. Station 6. Station 6, located in 20 feet of water at elevation 152 is also in an area where timber has been cleared along the river banks. Heavier deposits of black sediment cover the jake bottom in this area. Station 7. Station 7, is located in the river channel. Heavy timber lines both sides of the channel in this area. Channel depth is 24 feet at elevation 152. Bottom soil is coarse sand overlaid with black sediment. Station 8. Station 8, is similar to Station 7, located in the river chavnel and surrounded ee een — by dense timber. Depth of the channei is 25 feet and marginal areas 12-15 feet. Figure 1 is a map of upper Sam Rayburn Reservoir showing station sites. --- Page 5 --- NOLONILNAH s3aTIN NI IToalessy*umasey wes seddg “Tt amaty --- Page 6 --- FINDINGS: As anticipated, the gathering of field data for this study proved to be extensive. Laboratory analyses of bottom, plankton and sedinentation samples required numerous man- days. These data will be discussed collectively and individually where significant varia- tions in ecological conditions occur. As previously outlined, vertebrate and invertebrate populations were sampled for comparison to water quality data recorded from their immediate habitat. By these compar- isons au evaluation of paper mill effluent effects on fish and other aquatic life in the reservoir can be made. Considerable research concerning the effects of paper mill wastes on fish and fish eggs has been conducted. Numerous research programs of the Department of Entomology, Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, indicate that "while suspended wood pulp and wood fiber mats may not be directly toxic to most adult fish species, they are detri- mental to fish eggs and fry. ‘Through oxygen depletion and other chemical reactions, paper fibers and accompanying chemicals can deplete fisheries from large areas of good potential. When eggs, fry or juvenile fish are effected it is reasonable to assume that the harvest- able fish crop will be reduced or eliminated" (Smith, 1965). WATER ANALYSES: All field analyses were run with a Hach DR FL chemistry kit. This unit utilizes individually sealed reagents for colorimetric tests. Table 1 contains water quality data for each station. One liter capacity Imhoff sedimentation cones were used to measure suspended solids in milliliters per liter of water at each station. Table 2 contains sedimentation read- ings for all stations. A correlation exists between sedimentation readings and colorimet~ ric turbidity readings with the exception of a few areas where black dye from sodium lignite in the effluent waters increased turbidity greatly. Physical effects were more apparent during drought conditions as indicated by water quality data recorded in August, October and November, 1967. Sharp increases in tur- bidity, chlorides, total alkalinity, sulfates and ortho~phosphates were noted. Black water at the upstream stations in the river channel foamed when agitated. Increased turbidity during these months made colorimetric methods difficult, par- ticularly sulfate, phosphate and dissolved oxygen tests. All chemical analyses were performed in the field at each station site. During the coming segment highly turbid samples will be tested both in the field and again in the laboratory after being fil- tered. Comparisons of the filtered sample results will be made to the field tests to determine turbidity influence. With the exception of a few additional hydrogen sulfide tests, only surface and bottom water samples were analyzed at each station. Additional hydrogen sulfide, dissol- ved oxygen, carbon dioxide, turbidity and temperature checks will be made at intermediate depths (six foot intervals) at the lower stations during the coming segment. 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As previously stated, general water quality de- clined as the water level dropped during the summer months. Surface turbidity read- ings dropped at the downstream stations but bottom readings increased to 350 - 500 Jackson Turbidity Units (JTU). <A heavy build-up of suspended solids was evident at all stations in November. Water quality was homologous at the upstream stations. At the lower stations variation in surface and bottom samples indicated sediment strati- fication beginning at 12 feet and extending to the bottom. Heavy rains in December raised the reservoir elevation to 153. The flushing action of this rise is apparent in the January, 1968, collection data. Dissolved oxygen read- ings were a uniform 10 p.p.m., sulfate, ortho~phosphates, chlorides and total alkalinity were much lower. Turbidity ranged from 40 JTU at the upstream stations to 130 JTU (sur- face) at the lower stations. No black water or sediment was observed. Sedimentation samples registered only 0.1 milliliter and much of this material was soil particles. Apparently, the heavy mass of suspended solids in the river channel was disspersed further into the reservoir. When the reservoir power pool elevation of 164.0 is reached, it is the writer's belief that the flushing action of heavy rains will be minimal in the present collection area. This would provide a continual build-up of suspended pulp and fiber. Tremendous amounts of hydrogen sulfide gas would be formed and could produce large fish kills at lake turnovers. The vast amount of decaying timber and secondary vegetation in this area of the reservoir will no doubt be a detriment in itself. PLANKTON SAMPLES: Plankton samples were taken at each station in conjunction with other collection a tivities. A marine type plankton net of No. 12 silk cloth was used, the net being raised vertically rather than towed. Relative abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton forms were recorded in the laboratory. Zooplankton was more abundant at the downstream stations, particularly copepods, crustaceans and rotifers. More phytoplankton forms were collected in the upstream sites. During the coming segment only volumetric measurements of cubic centimeters plankton per cubic meter of water will be conducted. Existing plank- ton identification data will be studied further to determine water quality influence on group abundance. BOTTOM SAMPLES: Bottom soil samples were obtained with an Ekman 6 X 6 inch dredge. Soil samples were washed and examined for fauna. Due to the difficulty involved in breaking through the layers of vegetative debris and the limited organisms found in these bottom samples, they will be discontinued during the coming segment. Only limited oligochetes, cestodes and phyilopods were recovered. SEDIMENTATION SAMPLES: Sedimentation samples were taken at each station and returned to the laboratory. One liter capacity Imhoff cones were used for determining milliliters of sediment per liter of water. Table 2 contains sedimentation data for each station. As expected, the upstream stations nearest the influx of paper mill effluent contained higher concentra- tions of suspended solids. Only occasionally did suspended solids found at the lower stations exceed upstream readings. --- Page 17 --- FISH POPULATION DATA: One hundred and fifty feet of experimentai gill net was set overnight at each station. Table 3 contains monthly net collections for each station. These netting data indicate fewer species and numbers of fish at the upstream stations. Also, fish were not netted consistantly at the upstream stations, indicat- ing that changes in water quality periodically force them to leave these areas. Tur- bidity apparently has definite influence on fish availability at the upper stations in the river. When surface turbidity readings exceeded 100 JTU at station 1 and 2, fish collections decreased sharply. This is apparent in the June collection for sta- tion 3 also. Turbidity readings were 120 JTU on the surface and 125 JTU on the bottom in May, when only 7 fish were netted. The June readings were 50 JTU surface and 90 JTU bottom. Twenty-four fish were netted in June. In July turbidity readings at station 3 had increased to 100 and 110 respectively and again only 7 fish were netted. In relation to sedimentation counts, 150 JTU represents approximately 0.5 ml. sed- iment per liter of water. A total of 816 fish were netted this segment. Of this total 221 or 27.08 per cent were game fish. Sunfish species collected at stations 7 and 8 increased this per cent by number for game fish, Game fish comprised only 8.42 per cent of the total collec- tion by weight. VEGETATION: In early June clumps of maiden cane (Panicum hemitomon) were noted in the river channel at the upstream stations. By October, maiden cane had completely blocked sec- tions of the channel making access to station 2 and 3 impossible. Figures 2 and 3 are photographs of the dense maiden cane mats in the river channel. Ortho-phosphates were high during the months of August, September and October, the period of maximum plant growth. The maiden cane appeared frostbitten when the November collections were made and had receeded to the margins of the channel. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: As anticipated during the planning of this study, the multiple collections of field data and ensuing analyses were time consuming. Through this first segment's work, needed modifications and additions have been determined to provide more useful field data. Additional tests for hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen and tur- bidity at intermediate depths will determine more accurately the extent and locations of suspended solids at the downstream stations. Oxygen demand index (ODI) tests, adaptable to the Hach DR EL field kit will also be utilized to provide data equivalent to the stan- dard BOD test with a minimum of laboratory equipment and time. Netting collections will be continued and supplemented with seining collections where physicai conditions permit to determine if reproduction cf game fish species is sufficient. --- Page 18 --- -16- eT°L£8 OE sTeIOL puezap 18°SS €€ %UusSTF y8nor Teqoy ce°T £ ‘IM ‘ON tYySTy omeS TeIo] os°T = T Sc°OoT € 0 0 os°9 =6T €T°Tt 9 cT°S SL°OT @ £8°97% 86? 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Ord: L€°0 T SL°T T S2°T z 00°T A 9S°T z 00°Z TT 00°T T 88°0 T £T°o T os’OT 72 69°6 é 79°T T S2°T T 00°T T SZ°s 9 GL°L € 0O°OT ¥ OO°ZT 8 0S°6 ¢ os*9 y c9°4 A SZ°9T 6 00°¢€ T Se°r T os’e T 0s°o Fa SZ°Z% 8ST $Z°0 V7] $Z°O v7] OS°T eT ZE°O (6 €T°O 3T 88°0 9 Se°L rd GL°Y T os°€ T £T°? T os’ T 00°8 A os°Z A GL°S I 00° T €T’y T 00°? cA GL°E € oo°s A GZ°% vA os°s T os°¢ T ae eereeeemem “3M “ON “aM “ON °aM “ON "2M “ON “3M “ON "3M “ON “IM “ON "3M “ON *uer “AON *3290 3sn3ny Aqne aun key Ttady “g “ON DOPIeIS (penuzquop) € eTqey, --- Page 26 --- Figure 2. Dark water and dense growth of maiden cane at station 1. Figure 3. Dense mat of maiden cane blocking Angelina River between stations 3 and 4. --- Page 27 --- Emphasis will be placed on determining the extent of sediment dispersion from the river channel in downstream areas within the reservoir. It is recommended that this job be continued to provide additional data to more fully evaluate the effects of paper mill effluent on aquatic life in Sam Rayburn Reservoir. ty | Cote, Prepared by Joe E. Toole Approved Fo ereon D0 Project Leader Coordinator May 14, 1968 _._—s—S Charles E. Gray Literature Cited Smith, Lloyd L., Jr., and Robert H. Kramer. 1965. Some Effects of Paper Fibers in Fish Eggs and Small Fish. Proc. Nineteenth Industrial Waste Conf., Purdue Univ. Eng. Bull. 117.